Sunday, May 17, 2020
Jews have never lived as equals in Muslim Arab lands (JTA, 1977)
This article by Malka Shulewitz published by JTA in September 1977 is not available in the JTA archives as far as I can tell; I saw it in The Sentinel (Chicago). It is one of the best, succinct articles I’ve ever seen about how Jews have been treated in Muslim lands as well as explaining why. I transcribed it from the original facsimile.
YEMEN — 1922: A special law orders forcible conversion to Islam of all Jewish orphans under 13 even when the mother is still alive —a common Muslim law reimposed.
SYRIA — Damascus. 1936-39: Work at anti-Jewish propaganda headquarters intensified after visit by Nazi officers from Germany. Jews frequently stabbed on the streets.
LIBYA — Benghazi, 1942: During German occupation Jewish quarters sacked and looted, among 2000 'Jews deported acmes the desert, as many as a fifth died.
IRAQ — Baghdad. Festival of Shavuot. 1941: During riots following the collapse of Iraq's pro-Nazi government of Rash Ali, 175 Jews were killed and 1000 injured. Many Jews were tortured and there was much looting of Jewish property.
Taken at random from a booklet of illustrated maps on Jews of Arab lands by Prof. Martin Gilbert of Oxford University, the above facts were chosen not bemuse they represent events more serious than. say, the massacre of more than 6000 Jews in Fez in 1033, or of more than 5000 murdered during the Arab riots of 1066 in Grenada. They even pale beside some of the persecutions and humiliation suffered by Jews throughout the Arab world around 1948.
However. they succinctly point up the situation of Jews in Arab lands during this century before the rise of modern political Zionism. They also indicate the relations prevailing between the Arabs and Nazis before end during World War II, and are particularly pertinent at time when Arabs are exploiting prestigious international forums as part of a vast propaganda campaign for the dismemberment of the State of Israel through the establishment of "a secular, democratic state in Palestine in which Moslems, Jews and Christians would live on equal terms.. It is doubtful if they would have made such great inroads were it more widely known that neither Jews nor Christians nor any other minority have ever lived on equal terms with Moslem Arabs.
This does not mean that Jews always suffered in the Arab world. There was certainly no holocaust such as that which befell them in Europe nearly 40 hears ego. Indeed, there were periods of prosperity, influence and tolerance. The objective observer must pay due respect to those Moslems who saved Jewish lives during many a rampage through Jewish quarters by their brethren; he must acknowledge that during their long autumn in the Arab world Jews were able to serve as physicians or advisors to caliphs and sultan alike and to play leading roles in the development of trade and commerce in these countries. And he must pay homage to a galaxy of Jewish scholars in the Arab world who were enabled to make major conributions to Jewish life and thought.
However, it is these good experiences that are always cited as the norm of Jewish life in the Arab world. The time has come to put the record straight and destroy the myth of a long "Golden Age" that preceded the rise of modern Zionism in the Arab world, to view the whole picture. upon which the shade exceeds the light. In order to understand why if it was sometimes relatively good, it was in general so bad, one must first examine the position of Jews under Islam which, to this day, is the state religion throughout the Arab world. except in Lebanon. And one must briefly turn back the pages of history in the Middle East and North Africa, where Jews had resided for at least a thousand years before the rise of Islam.
The conquering Arab armies of Islam, speeding like a whirlwind through this part of the world in the Seventh Century, encountered thousands of Jewish settlements. Not unlike the leaders of early Christianity, the founder of this new religion had expected the Jews to convert. But when most of these "stiff necked people" refused to abandon the faith of their fathers, Mohammed's initial admiration for the People of the Book turned to hostility, and the Jews paid dearly: many of the Jewish tribes of Medina, such . the Qurayza. perished by the sword and the survivors were driven from the Arabian peninsula. The Muslims attacked the Jewish oasis of Khaibar: here, however, the Jews were allowed to retain their land but had to pay a 50 percent tribute. Thus the pattern w set. Jews could remain Jews —at a price. It fluctuated in accordance with the Moslem conquerors' need for Jewish expertise. Because the Jews refused to accept Mohammed as the true prophet, he branded them as adversaries of God. His sentiment. found expression in the Koran in such lines as: "And they will be tormented with degradation and suffering, and bring on themselves the wrath of Allah," thus breeding contempt for the Jews among successive generations of his followers.
So, if the pattern of the Jews' inferior position was laid down by Mohammed and recorded in the Koran, it was perpetuated by subsequent legislation attributed to the Caliph Omar, Mohammed's successor who ruled from 634 CE. Known as the Covenant (or Pact) of Omar, it comprised a series of regulations designed to separate believers from infidels. The latter became known as ahl el dhimma or dhimmis, a ptotected people. i.e.. one enjoying the protection of Islam and the Koran while at the same time subject to the disabilities and humiliations which degraded both the individual and the community. Dhimmi is an Arabic word defining the relationship between the protector and the protected in the Muslim state; it refers to "the people of the Book" (ahl ahlkitab): Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians. All others were given the choice of conversion to Islam or death.
This basic Koranic attitude embodied in the Pact of Omar obviously affected the position of Jews in Arab lands in the present century. It was a fate shared by Christians, whose communities long ceased to exist in North Africa. As for the Christian Copts in Egypt, they suffered periodic massacres and forced conversions, and up to our own day this ancient community has been dwindling steadily as result of effective repressive measures. However, there were times when the Christians were accorded some respect by Islam because of the enormous power this religion represented in Europe.
But what was this defenseless minority of Jews to be respected for? It was not the "conquest" of the Land of Israel that brought the wrath of Islam upon their heads. And it is not the size of the territory the Jews govern that unites the otherwise fragmented Arab world against Israel today, for it constitutes only a tiny dot in the vast Arab empire of North Africa and the Middle East. The problem is rooted in the psyche of the Islamic world and the need for it to accept the fact that this people, cursed by the Koran, is now a sovereign nation capable of the ultimate sin of vanquishing the armies of Islam on the field of battle. This point should not be underestimated, for there are few examples of a faith so imbued with martial values as Islam. "The Law of the Prophet proceeds by the Sword" is not only a fundamental theological tenet of Islam. but also appropriate description of its historical evolution.
The hollowness of the Arab terrorists' slogan of "a secular, democratic state in Palestine when Moslems, Jews and Christians can live on equal terms" is fully exposed against this background. It is a "Big Lie," no less serious in its implications than that which sent six million Jews of Europe to the gas chambers less than 40 years ago. Indeed the Arab design to wipe out the Jews as a sovereign nation makes comprehensible their affinity for the Nazis before and during World War II and their use of anti-Semitic propaganda of the European vintage (including the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion). The presence of many expatriate Nazis in the Arab countries is reflected in the sophistication and content of Arab propaganda — with some finishing touches added by Madison Avenue to make it more palatable to East and West.
This includes the use of socialist slogans, which prompted the noted political scientist, Prof. Shlomo Avineri, to state in an article published in the early 70s, ''They (the Arab armies) now adopt socialist slogans with the same seriousness with which they embraced liberal ideologies under the British and the French — or fascist ideologies during World War II. Their conversion to socialist terminology is largely an outcome of the marriage of convenience with the Soviet Union caused by the Israel-Arab conflict... The same applies, under somewhat different circumstances to the various Arab Palestinian guerilla organizations also. Trained mostly by regular Arab army officers. they are — for all their left-wing rhetoric — poor substitutes for a real revolutionary force.— Imagine Castro having a tete-a-tete with the Brazilian dictators in the same may in which Yasir Arafat appears with King Faisal at an Arab summit! The most reactionary Arab rulers pay Danegeld to the proponents of social revolution — and it is a shrewd investment on the part of the Saudis — for otherwise dangerous revolutionary fervor is thus channeled into a exclusively anti-Israel direction.... The coalition between guerrillas and oil sheikhs is again a unique phenomenon, expressing the depth and strength of the conservative and traditional forces in Arab society."
Considering the conservative. xenophobic character of Arab nationalism which is rooted in Islam, it is small wonder, then, that the declaration of the State of Israel proved to be the catalyst that set whole Jewish communities on the run and brought about the virtual dissolution of what was this people's most ancient diaspora.
In 1948, there were approximately 860,000 Jews residing throughout the Arab world. Fifty to 60 thousand remain there today — mainly in North Africa and Syria. About 200.000 made their homes in such countries as France, England and the U.S. The lions share — some 600,000 — came to Israel. and today they and their descendants comprise over 50 per cent of the population of the Jewish State.
It was perhaps because this modern exodus took place while the memory of the grisly fate that befell European Jewry was still fresh that the suffering of Jews in Arab lands has left its impressions neither in the contemporary annals of the Jewish people nor on the consciousness of the free world. The fact that after nearly 2,000 years these hundreds of thousands of Jews had returned to their homeland probably cushioned the blow. Certainly an evaluation of the historic import of this event — of the meeting of Jews from East and West on the soil of the Land of Israel after millennia of separation — has yet to be made.
History has had to wait. When the Arab armies invaded Israel following the UN Resolution and the declaration of statehood in 1948, all hell broke loose in Egypt. Iraq and Syria there were arrests, interrogations and beatings of Jews; in Oujda and Djerada. Morocco riots broke out in June, 1948. in which many Jews were killed and injured. In Aleppo, Syria, April, 1948, saw a continuation of the previous December's anti-Jewish riots when many were killed, 150 Jewish homes, 50 shops, 18 synagogues and five schools were burned and many survivors went into hiding in fear of their fives.
At about the some time, the Jewish quarter, the hara, in Tripoli, Libya, was attacked; according to the noted Algerian-born Jewish scholar. Prof. Andre Chouraqui: "Moslem gangs poured through... killing young and old, women and children, hacking to pieces the bodes of their victims." On June 20. the Jewish quarter of Cairo was shaken by explosions which reduced four blocks of Jewish-occupied tenements to rubble and left 34 dead and 60 injured and much Jewish property destroyed. Attacks and rape of Jews on the streets went on for a week while Egyptian security forces did nothing.
The newly established State of Israel, hardly recovered from the war caused by the invasion of six Arab states, had to gird itself to receive wave upon wave of refugees. Of the 341,000 who landed in Israel during the first 18 months of statehood. over a third came from Moslem countries — but this was only the beginning.
Tent and hut cities known as ma’abarot (transit camps) sprang up all over the country — eyesores on an otherwise lovely landscape. They were very primitive — flooded in the winter and burning hot in the summer, but there was no other means of accommodation available at a time when Israel virtually became a country of refugees. Lawyers and businessmen from Baghdad and Tunis shared the same conditions as former cave dwellers from the Atlas Mountains.
At the same time, similar camp cities were set up in various Arab countries to shelter refugees from Palestine. Arab propagandists had promised a blood bath as soon as the Mandate ended and advised local Arabs to get out of the way of invading Arab armies. Their invasion was preceded by broadcasts from Cairo, Damascus, Amman and Beirut warning that any Arabs who stayed would be hanged as collaborators.
So the Palestinian Arabs left and the Jews from Arab countries arrived.
The tent-hut cities erected to house Arab and Jewish refugees looked much the same, but here the similarity ends. In Israel, the newcomers were immediately accorded full citizenship rights and the transit camps regarded as temporary accommodation.
By contrast, with the exception of Jordan. no Arab "host" offered the refugees citizenship and a full place in the community. Used as political pawns by their brethren, they became the world's first "professional refugees." The oil rich Arab states have. their fabulous wealth notwithstanding, done almost nothing for these, the least fortunate of their brethren. The fierce battles that recently raged around the refugee camps in Lebanon. particularly the notorious Tel el Zarta, proved the extent to which these camps had been turned into military strong-points.
Not only did Israel dissolve the camps as soon as enough permanent housing was available, the nascent Jewish State attempted to learn from its initial efforts and the mistakes made in settling Jews from Oriental countries. Those who came with the next wave from North Africa in 1955-57 (following the proclamation of Morocco and Tunisian independence and further outrages against the remaining Jewish population) went straight from the ship to new settlements. Many of these settlements were very primitive and barren in the early days and the newcomers had hardly seen a spade before, let alone tilled the earth. An intensive guidance program was introduced, whether in cultivation of the soil, domestic work or the modern organization of village institutions. Not more than 15 per cent of the original population has left; and today most of these settlements are well established. One of these settlement areas, Lachish region in the south, has long been an object of study for Africans and Asians wishing to learn the principles of regional settlement.
The full story of this pioneering effort by Jews from Arab countries has yet to be told. Suffice to say that, despite faults and shortcomings, it demonstrated Israel's desire to settle its newcomers as well as the latter’s determination to rebuild their lives in their homeland.
Doctors and nurses at Meir Elias Hospital, 1930s. The Meir Elias Hospital in Baghdad, the largest and most modern in Iraq, which served Jews and non-Jews alike, was ravaged by an anti-British mob on May 6, 1941.
(Copyright: JIMENA-Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa)
On June 1, 1941, celebrating the Shavuot holiday, a group of Baghdad Jews ventured out for the first time in weeks to greet the returning pro-British Regent. They thought stability had finally returned to their lives, only to be ambushed by an armed Arab mob. The rioting went on for two days. While the exact figure is not known, it is estimated that at least 180 Jews were killed in Baghdad and Basra, perhaps as many as 600, and hundreds more were wounded. Jewish women were gang raped and mutilated. Jewish shops and homes were looted and then torched. A synagogue was invaded and its Torahs burned. Afraid to give the dead a proper burial, the corpses were buried in a large mass grave.
Rioters taking to the streets during the Farhud in Baghdad, Iraq, June 1-2, 1941 (Publised on the JIMENA Facebook page)
Rabbinical scholars of Baghdad, Iraq in 1910
Copyright: JIMENA
_________________________________
ALGERIA — Mostaganem, May. 1897: Sacking of synagogue marks beginning of widespread anti-Jewish violence throughout Algeria.
MOROCCO— 1833-1912: Moslem riots in Casablanca. Tana and Fez. Many Jews killed and injured; women, girls and boys abducted, raped then ransomed.ALGERIA — Mostaganem, May. 1897: Sacking of synagogue marks beginning of widespread anti-Jewish violence throughout Algeria.
YEMEN — 1922: A special law orders forcible conversion to Islam of all Jewish orphans under 13 even when the mother is still alive —a common Muslim law reimposed.
SYRIA — Damascus. 1936-39: Work at anti-Jewish propaganda headquarters intensified after visit by Nazi officers from Germany. Jews frequently stabbed on the streets.
LIBYA — Benghazi, 1942: During German occupation Jewish quarters sacked and looted, among 2000 'Jews deported acmes the desert, as many as a fifth died.
IRAQ — Baghdad. Festival of Shavuot. 1941: During riots following the collapse of Iraq's pro-Nazi government of Rash Ali, 175 Jews were killed and 1000 injured. Many Jews were tortured and there was much looting of Jewish property.
Taken at random from a booklet of illustrated maps on Jews of Arab lands by Prof. Martin Gilbert of Oxford University, the above facts were chosen not bemuse they represent events more serious than. say, the massacre of more than 6000 Jews in Fez in 1033, or of more than 5000 murdered during the Arab riots of 1066 in Grenada. They even pale beside some of the persecutions and humiliation suffered by Jews throughout the Arab world around 1948.
However. they succinctly point up the situation of Jews in Arab lands during this century before the rise of modern political Zionism. They also indicate the relations prevailing between the Arabs and Nazis before end during World War II, and are particularly pertinent at time when Arabs are exploiting prestigious international forums as part of a vast propaganda campaign for the dismemberment of the State of Israel through the establishment of "a secular, democratic state in Palestine in which Moslems, Jews and Christians would live on equal terms.. It is doubtful if they would have made such great inroads were it more widely known that neither Jews nor Christians nor any other minority have ever lived on equal terms with Moslem Arabs.
This does not mean that Jews always suffered in the Arab world. There was certainly no holocaust such as that which befell them in Europe nearly 40 hears ego. Indeed, there were periods of prosperity, influence and tolerance. The objective observer must pay due respect to those Moslems who saved Jewish lives during many a rampage through Jewish quarters by their brethren; he must acknowledge that during their long autumn in the Arab world Jews were able to serve as physicians or advisors to caliphs and sultan alike and to play leading roles in the development of trade and commerce in these countries. And he must pay homage to a galaxy of Jewish scholars in the Arab world who were enabled to make major conributions to Jewish life and thought.
However, it is these good experiences that are always cited as the norm of Jewish life in the Arab world. The time has come to put the record straight and destroy the myth of a long "Golden Age" that preceded the rise of modern Zionism in the Arab world, to view the whole picture. upon which the shade exceeds the light. In order to understand why if it was sometimes relatively good, it was in general so bad, one must first examine the position of Jews under Islam which, to this day, is the state religion throughout the Arab world. except in Lebanon. And one must briefly turn back the pages of history in the Middle East and North Africa, where Jews had resided for at least a thousand years before the rise of Islam.
The conquering Arab armies of Islam, speeding like a whirlwind through this part of the world in the Seventh Century, encountered thousands of Jewish settlements. Not unlike the leaders of early Christianity, the founder of this new religion had expected the Jews to convert. But when most of these "stiff necked people" refused to abandon the faith of their fathers, Mohammed's initial admiration for the People of the Book turned to hostility, and the Jews paid dearly: many of the Jewish tribes of Medina, such . the Qurayza. perished by the sword and the survivors were driven from the Arabian peninsula. The Muslims attacked the Jewish oasis of Khaibar: here, however, the Jews were allowed to retain their land but had to pay a 50 percent tribute. Thus the pattern w set. Jews could remain Jews —at a price. It fluctuated in accordance with the Moslem conquerors' need for Jewish expertise. Because the Jews refused to accept Mohammed as the true prophet, he branded them as adversaries of God. His sentiment. found expression in the Koran in such lines as: "And they will be tormented with degradation and suffering, and bring on themselves the wrath of Allah," thus breeding contempt for the Jews among successive generations of his followers.
So, if the pattern of the Jews' inferior position was laid down by Mohammed and recorded in the Koran, it was perpetuated by subsequent legislation attributed to the Caliph Omar, Mohammed's successor who ruled from 634 CE. Known as the Covenant (or Pact) of Omar, it comprised a series of regulations designed to separate believers from infidels. The latter became known as ahl el dhimma or dhimmis, a ptotected people. i.e.. one enjoying the protection of Islam and the Koran while at the same time subject to the disabilities and humiliations which degraded both the individual and the community. Dhimmi is an Arabic word defining the relationship between the protector and the protected in the Muslim state; it refers to "the people of the Book" (ahl ahlkitab): Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians. All others were given the choice of conversion to Islam or death.
This basic Koranic attitude embodied in the Pact of Omar obviously affected the position of Jews in Arab lands in the present century. It was a fate shared by Christians, whose communities long ceased to exist in North Africa. As for the Christian Copts in Egypt, they suffered periodic massacres and forced conversions, and up to our own day this ancient community has been dwindling steadily as result of effective repressive measures. However, there were times when the Christians were accorded some respect by Islam because of the enormous power this religion represented in Europe.
But what was this defenseless minority of Jews to be respected for? It was not the "conquest" of the Land of Israel that brought the wrath of Islam upon their heads. And it is not the size of the territory the Jews govern that unites the otherwise fragmented Arab world against Israel today, for it constitutes only a tiny dot in the vast Arab empire of North Africa and the Middle East. The problem is rooted in the psyche of the Islamic world and the need for it to accept the fact that this people, cursed by the Koran, is now a sovereign nation capable of the ultimate sin of vanquishing the armies of Islam on the field of battle. This point should not be underestimated, for there are few examples of a faith so imbued with martial values as Islam. "The Law of the Prophet proceeds by the Sword" is not only a fundamental theological tenet of Islam. but also appropriate description of its historical evolution.
The hollowness of the Arab terrorists' slogan of "a secular, democratic state in Palestine when Moslems, Jews and Christians can live on equal terms" is fully exposed against this background. It is a "Big Lie," no less serious in its implications than that which sent six million Jews of Europe to the gas chambers less than 40 years ago. Indeed the Arab design to wipe out the Jews as a sovereign nation makes comprehensible their affinity for the Nazis before and during World War II and their use of anti-Semitic propaganda of the European vintage (including the notorious Protocols of the Elders of Zion). The presence of many expatriate Nazis in the Arab countries is reflected in the sophistication and content of Arab propaganda — with some finishing touches added by Madison Avenue to make it more palatable to East and West.
This includes the use of socialist slogans, which prompted the noted political scientist, Prof. Shlomo Avineri, to state in an article published in the early 70s, ''They (the Arab armies) now adopt socialist slogans with the same seriousness with which they embraced liberal ideologies under the British and the French — or fascist ideologies during World War II. Their conversion to socialist terminology is largely an outcome of the marriage of convenience with the Soviet Union caused by the Israel-Arab conflict... The same applies, under somewhat different circumstances to the various Arab Palestinian guerilla organizations also. Trained mostly by regular Arab army officers. they are — for all their left-wing rhetoric — poor substitutes for a real revolutionary force.— Imagine Castro having a tete-a-tete with the Brazilian dictators in the same may in which Yasir Arafat appears with King Faisal at an Arab summit! The most reactionary Arab rulers pay Danegeld to the proponents of social revolution — and it is a shrewd investment on the part of the Saudis — for otherwise dangerous revolutionary fervor is thus channeled into a exclusively anti-Israel direction.... The coalition between guerrillas and oil sheikhs is again a unique phenomenon, expressing the depth and strength of the conservative and traditional forces in Arab society."
Considering the conservative. xenophobic character of Arab nationalism which is rooted in Islam, it is small wonder, then, that the declaration of the State of Israel proved to be the catalyst that set whole Jewish communities on the run and brought about the virtual dissolution of what was this people's most ancient diaspora.
In 1948, there were approximately 860,000 Jews residing throughout the Arab world. Fifty to 60 thousand remain there today — mainly in North Africa and Syria. About 200.000 made their homes in such countries as France, England and the U.S. The lions share — some 600,000 — came to Israel. and today they and their descendants comprise over 50 per cent of the population of the Jewish State.
It was perhaps because this modern exodus took place while the memory of the grisly fate that befell European Jewry was still fresh that the suffering of Jews in Arab lands has left its impressions neither in the contemporary annals of the Jewish people nor on the consciousness of the free world. The fact that after nearly 2,000 years these hundreds of thousands of Jews had returned to their homeland probably cushioned the blow. Certainly an evaluation of the historic import of this event — of the meeting of Jews from East and West on the soil of the Land of Israel after millennia of separation — has yet to be made.
History has had to wait. When the Arab armies invaded Israel following the UN Resolution and the declaration of statehood in 1948, all hell broke loose in Egypt. Iraq and Syria there were arrests, interrogations and beatings of Jews; in Oujda and Djerada. Morocco riots broke out in June, 1948. in which many Jews were killed and injured. In Aleppo, Syria, April, 1948, saw a continuation of the previous December's anti-Jewish riots when many were killed, 150 Jewish homes, 50 shops, 18 synagogues and five schools were burned and many survivors went into hiding in fear of their fives.
At about the some time, the Jewish quarter, the hara, in Tripoli, Libya, was attacked; according to the noted Algerian-born Jewish scholar. Prof. Andre Chouraqui: "Moslem gangs poured through... killing young and old, women and children, hacking to pieces the bodes of their victims." On June 20. the Jewish quarter of Cairo was shaken by explosions which reduced four blocks of Jewish-occupied tenements to rubble and left 34 dead and 60 injured and much Jewish property destroyed. Attacks and rape of Jews on the streets went on for a week while Egyptian security forces did nothing.
The newly established State of Israel, hardly recovered from the war caused by the invasion of six Arab states, had to gird itself to receive wave upon wave of refugees. Of the 341,000 who landed in Israel during the first 18 months of statehood. over a third came from Moslem countries — but this was only the beginning.
Tent and hut cities known as ma’abarot (transit camps) sprang up all over the country — eyesores on an otherwise lovely landscape. They were very primitive — flooded in the winter and burning hot in the summer, but there was no other means of accommodation available at a time when Israel virtually became a country of refugees. Lawyers and businessmen from Baghdad and Tunis shared the same conditions as former cave dwellers from the Atlas Mountains.
At the same time, similar camp cities were set up in various Arab countries to shelter refugees from Palestine. Arab propagandists had promised a blood bath as soon as the Mandate ended and advised local Arabs to get out of the way of invading Arab armies. Their invasion was preceded by broadcasts from Cairo, Damascus, Amman and Beirut warning that any Arabs who stayed would be hanged as collaborators.
So the Palestinian Arabs left and the Jews from Arab countries arrived.
The tent-hut cities erected to house Arab and Jewish refugees looked much the same, but here the similarity ends. In Israel, the newcomers were immediately accorded full citizenship rights and the transit camps regarded as temporary accommodation.
By contrast, with the exception of Jordan. no Arab "host" offered the refugees citizenship and a full place in the community. Used as political pawns by their brethren, they became the world's first "professional refugees." The oil rich Arab states have. their fabulous wealth notwithstanding, done almost nothing for these, the least fortunate of their brethren. The fierce battles that recently raged around the refugee camps in Lebanon. particularly the notorious Tel el Zarta, proved the extent to which these camps had been turned into military strong-points.
Not only did Israel dissolve the camps as soon as enough permanent housing was available, the nascent Jewish State attempted to learn from its initial efforts and the mistakes made in settling Jews from Oriental countries. Those who came with the next wave from North Africa in 1955-57 (following the proclamation of Morocco and Tunisian independence and further outrages against the remaining Jewish population) went straight from the ship to new settlements. Many of these settlements were very primitive and barren in the early days and the newcomers had hardly seen a spade before, let alone tilled the earth. An intensive guidance program was introduced, whether in cultivation of the soil, domestic work or the modern organization of village institutions. Not more than 15 per cent of the original population has left; and today most of these settlements are well established. One of these settlement areas, Lachish region in the south, has long been an object of study for Africans and Asians wishing to learn the principles of regional settlement.
The full story of this pioneering effort by Jews from Arab countries has yet to be told. Suffice to say that, despite faults and shortcomings, it demonstrated Israel's desire to settle its newcomers as well as the latter’s determination to rebuild their lives in their homeland.
June 1 declared International Farhud Day
31 May 2015
On June 1, 2015, 74 years after the Jewish community of Iraq suffered a large-scale farhud or pogrom at the hands of an armed Arab mob, International Farhud Day will be proclaimed at a live globally streamed side event at the United Nations.
On June 1, 2015 International Farhud Day will be proclaimed at a live globally streamed side event at the United Nations featuring a keynote lecture by author Edwin Black entitled "The Farhud and the Creation of 850,00 Post-War Refugees From Arab Lands".
The Jews were an integral part of Iraqi society, who dated their heritage back to the destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE. The security and confidence of Iraqi Jews was shattered by the pro-German military coup of April 1941. While the coup leaders were quickly defeated by British forces, their departure was followed by a large-scale farhud or pogrom against the Jews of Baghdad.
Doctors and nurses at Meir Elias Hospital, 1930s. The Meir Elias Hospital in Baghdad, the largest and most modern in Iraq, which served Jews and non-Jews alike, was ravaged by an anti-British mob on May 6, 1941.
(Copyright: JIMENA-Jews Indigenous to the Middle East and North Africa)
On June 1, 1941, celebrating the Shavuot holiday, a group of Baghdad Jews ventured out for the first time in weeks to greet the returning pro-British Regent. They thought stability had finally returned to their lives, only to be ambushed by an armed Arab mob. The rioting went on for two days. While the exact figure is not known, it is estimated that at least 180 Jews were killed in Baghdad and Basra, perhaps as many as 600, and hundreds more were wounded. Jewish women were gang raped and mutilated. Jewish shops and homes were looted and then torched. A synagogue was invaded and its Torahs burned. Afraid to give the dead a proper burial, the corpses were buried in a large mass grave.
Rioters taking to the streets during the Farhud in Baghdad, Iraq, June 1-2, 1941 (Publised on the JIMENA Facebook page)
As Edwin Black wrote: "Farhud - in Arabic, the word means violent dispossession. It was a word the Jews of wartime Europe never knew. Holocaust- it was a word the Jews of wartime Iraq never knew. But soon they would all know their meaning regardless of the language they spoke. After the events of June 1-2, 1941, both words came together."
Rabbinical scholars of Baghdad, Iraq in 1910Copyright: JIMENA
The Farhud marked an irrevocable break between Jews and Arabs in Iraq and paved the way for the dissolution of the 2,600-year-old Jewish community 10 years later. Despite their deep roots, the Jews understood that they would never be an integral part of an independent Iraq. Forced out by fear of a second Farhud and denationalizing legislation that made them stateless refugees, 90 per cent of Iraq's Jewish community immigrated to Israel after 1948.
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Edwin Black. The Farhud: Roots of the Arab-Nazi Alliance in the Holocaust. Washington DC: Dialog Press, 2010. pp. xvi+448.
In the previous edition of this Journal, Philip Mendes reviewed a book titled Al-Farhud: The 1941 Pogrom in Iraq, edited by Shmuel Moreh and Zvi Yehuda, which was published in the same year as Edwin Black's. This is noteworthy, given that the Farhud has received relatively little publicity in the past and was hardly known even to Holocaust scholars. The Farhud had far reaching consequences, leading ultimately to the dissolution of the once large, prosperous and seemingly well-integrated, Arabic-speaking Jewish community, who had lived in Mesopotamia--the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers--since it was known as Babylonia, when Emperor Nebuchadnezzar transported the Jews there as exiles from Jerusalem, between 597 and 586 BCE. The Jews of Iraq have a continuous history in the region from that time--over a thousand years before its conquest by Muslim Arabs between 633 and 636 CE--yet now, ironically, the Arabs are viewed as Iraq's native population.
Farhud is apparently a Kurdish word which has entered into Iraqi Arabic. According to Black, it means "something beyond mere chaos, something more than just a riot. Perhaps farhud is best translated as 'violent dispossession.' Some translate it as 'mass rape and killing'" (page 4). As the Farhud, the term is generally used to describe a pogrom that took place predominantly in Baghdad, though other towns in Iraq were also affected, on 1 and 2 June 1941, on Shavuot. Bringing this event to the attention of his readers, Black writes:
This book is a nightmare. I regret anyone must read it. I regret it was necessary to write. I regret that I was the one who had to write it. I hope it never becomes necessary to write another like this one. Perhaps that is why I labored ten hours per day for more than a year to document the Farhud and the roots of the Arab-Nazi alliance in the Holocaust--that is, the truth about what happened and why (p. xiii).
The Farhud followed a coup on 1 April 1941, which brought to power a group of anti-British, anti-Jewish army officers, headed by veteran politician, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. Like much of the Iraqi populace, these men accepted the rhetoric of the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Sheikh Haj Amin al-Husseini, who had fled Palestine in 1936 to escape arrest for fomenting riots and bloodshed targeting Jews and the British administration. At the same time, the German ambassador, Fritz Grobba promoted Nazi propaganda through such media as the Arabic language service of Radio Berlin--which regularly broadcast false reports of Jewish atrocities in Palestine--and the serialisation of Mein Kampf in a daily newspaper--sanitised by omission of Hitler's racial views of the Arab peoples--and actively supported the establishment of "Nazi-style youth groups" (pp. 291-294).
Notwithstanding Germany's encouragement of the coup leaders and its attempt to support them militarily, British troops marched into Iraq and fought their way to Baghdad. On 28 May 1941,...
The Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries
30 Nov 2014
Significant Jewish communities existed throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Babylon, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen and the Gulf region for more than 2000 years, centuries before the advent of Islam and the Arab conquest.
On June 23, 2014 the Knesset adopted a law which designates November 30th as an annual, national day of commemoration for the 850,000 Jewish refugees who were displaced from Arab countries and Iran in the 20th century.
Jews had lived in the Arab lands for thousands of years, and many of their communities preceded the advent of Islam. But in the 20th century, with the rise of Arab nationalism and the conflict in Palestine, the new Arab regimes began a campaign of massive violations of the rights of their Jewish citizens. Arab states expropriated property of their native Jews, and denaturalized, expelled, arrested, tortured and murdered many of them.
Prime MInister Benjamin Netanyahu: "Today, for the first time, we are marking the exit and deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews from Arab countries and from Iran in the years following the establishment of the State of Israel. It is not for nothing that this day is marked on the day after the 29th of November. The Arab countries, which never accepted the UN declaration on the establishment of a Jewish state, compelled the Jews living in their territories to leave their homes while leaving their assets behind. In several instances the deportations were accompanied by pogroms and violence against Jews. We have acted - and will continue to act - so that they and their claims are not forgotten."
Jews had lived in the Arab lands for thousands of years, and many of their communities preceded the advent of Islam. But in the 20th century, with the rise of Arab nationalism and the conflict in Palestine, the new Arab regimes began a campaign of massive violations of the rights of their Jewish citizens. Arab states expropriated property of their native Jews, and denaturalized, expelled, arrested, tortured and murdered many of them.
Prime MInister Benjamin Netanyahu: "Today, for the first time, we are marking the exit and deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews from Arab countries and from Iran in the years following the establishment of the State of Israel. It is not for nothing that this day is marked on the day after the 29th of November. The Arab countries, which never accepted the UN declaration on the establishment of a Jewish state, compelled the Jews living in their territories to leave their homes while leaving their assets behind. In several instances the deportations were accompanied by pogroms and violence against Jews. We have acted - and will continue to act - so that they and their claims are not forgotten."
History & Background
The Land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people more than three thousand years ago, and from ancient times, centers of Jewish civilization were established in many parts of the adjacent regions. Significant Jewish communities existed throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Babylon, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen and the Gulf region for more than 2000 years, centuries before the advent of Islam and the Arab conquest.
Jewish woman in Islamic lands / Jewish doctor in Islamic lands, 17th century print
From the collection of Beit Hatfutsot
The Tomb of Ezra the Scribe on the banks of the Tigris River
From the collection of Beit Hatfutsot
Jewish woman in Islamic lands / Jewish doctor in Islamic lands, 17th century print
From the collection of Beit Hatfutsot
The Tomb of Ezra the Scribe on the banks of the Tigris River
From the collection of Beit Hatfutsot
